Egypt is known for beginning the earliest administrative and legislative codes in history. Throughout its history, formidable human cultures and civilizations were incepted, and brought into being, offering the most advanced form of governance and management.

For nearly 5200 years King Menes , the founder of Pharaonic dynasty I, had merged the two regions, northern and southern Egypt into one unified nation. He had enacted the oldest legislation in human history, when he instated the law of “ Tahout”, goddess of wisdom, as the uniform established law in Egypt. Menes named “ Memphis” as the capital and headquarters of the first unified and centralized state with powers in governance, judiciary, education, and security, to name a few.

The Pharaonic civilization laid the groundwork in Egypt in terms of governance and management. King Pharaoh, on top of the state hierarchy, appointed high-ranking government officials. A viable system of government has been in force ever since the era of ancient Egypt Since the era of the third and fourth dynasties, several codes were unleashed; some were related to limited working hours of peasants while others combatted forced labor A wide range of state tasks had been engraved on the tombs of Reuni Rah” , the Prime Minister and Magistrate of King “Toutmosis” in Thebes

Throughout the modern era of the Pharaonic state, King Hour-Moheb had been singled out as one of the stalwart legislators in the history of mankind. His enactment of laws was civil in nature. He issued laws to regulate the individual–regime relationship. He had taken the lead in championing the cause of public freedoms and rights. He had emphasized the notion that civil service is to the interest of the people and not to crack down on them

The oldest tax legislation, a model representing the punishment of those who were behind-hand in paying taxes, “Idott” tomb, Saqqarah, Ancient Empire Era (2420-2650) B.C A sight represents ibis, the symbol “Thot” goddess of wisdom, holding the emblem of justice, symbol of “ Maat” goddess,Patlomic era (30-333 B.C.)

After Alexandre the Great had invaded Egypt in 330 B.C., the Greeks took the reins of power. After his death, the Patlomic era began and then was overthrown by the Romanians. Although the Romanian rule was bitter, Egyptians had retained most of their respective traditions, rules, and norms until Christianity spread in the first half of the first century, with the church largely sharing in the sustainability of intrinsic habits and customs. During the Islamic era, governance and legislation were principally drawn from the Holy Qur-ân and the revered prophetic Suna – based on the formula of consultation – sûra – being one of the fundamental principles of Islamic law.

When Egypt became the capital of the Fatimide Caliphate (969-1171) governance and legislation had developed. Furthermore, the city of Cairo became the capital of Egypt and the Islamic Caliphate. Throughout the era of the Ayubi state (1171-1250), the citadel became the headquarters and the center of power. Legislative and judicial councils diversified, and there was a justice council and another to attend to complaints lodged. Their duties involved laws as well as treaties with foreign countries

In the Mamelouk era (1250-1517) Sultan El-Zaher Bebars built the Court of Justice at Salah El-Deen El-Ayoubi citadel to be the government premises. Its competence covered enforcement of laws, settling of disputes, and negotiations with nearby countries.

During the Ottoman era, (1517-1805) Islamic courts constituted the judicial system applied. Judges had their verdicts directly based on Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia) principles as far as civil and criminal disputes were concerned. This continued in effect until the end of the 18th Century. Thus, Egypt had been the scene of crucial political and social developments

In 1795, almost six years after the French revolution, a major political uprising demanding rights,freedoms and justice fueled. It brought together national forces and popular leaderships in support of national demands for justice, equality & freedom.

As a result of the mounting resistance against the Ottoman ruler, the Wali and (Mamloukes), Egypt had been on the verge of a massive revolt. This led to the Ulama laying their hands on a written document which outlined the individual - ruler relationship averting a tax hike without the consent of the people’s representatives notably, the dignitaries (the Ulama). .